Simon, Simon, -- "Simon" is assumed to be a Hebrew name. Strangely enough, the word also has a meaning in Greek, it is a verb that means "turning up a nose" and this form could also be the noun, "flat nose" or adjective, "snub-nosed". It also means, interestingly, "a confederate in evil".  The name only appears in the New Testament, where twelve different people have this name. This is interesting given that everyone there would recognized the word's Greek meaning. There is also something very entertaining about a man named "Flat-nose" being renamed "Rocky".

behold -- "Behold" is a verbal command meaning "See!" and "Look!". It is from the most common word meaning "to see" in Greek. In a humorous vein, it is also an adverbial exclamation like we use the phrase "tah-dah" in a magic show, or "voila" in French. "Look!" or "See!" comes closest in English. Jesus uses it both ways.

missing "the/this"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these" and "those"). See this article for more. 

Satan-- (UW) "Satan" is from an Aramaic word meaning "adversary" or "opponent". Jesus uses it to refer both to external opposition and our desire to make bad decisions.  See this article on the word and this article on this word and related terms.

hath -- (WT) This helping verb "has" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.

desired -- (WW) "Hath desired" is a Greek verb that only appears here and means to "demand or ask for" (from another) and "demand the surrender" of a person. In the middle voice, which is used here, it means to "ask for oneself", "beg of", "gain" (a pardon) and "release". It does not mean "desire" in any normal sense and there are common words that Jesus uses that mean "desire". When Jesus uses a specific word like this, it is because it has a meaning no other word has. For this word, the idea is that it demands a transfer of control. This word doesn't mean "desired".  

to -- This "to" is added to create the infinitive form of the following verb.

have -- (IW) This word is not in the Greek source. 

you -- The "you" here is plural. So Jesus is not saying this about Simon personally but about all of his apostles. 

that -- The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those") than the English "the". See this article for more. 

he may -- (IP) There is nothing that can be translated as this phrase in the Greek source. 

sift -- (WF) "Sift" is from a verb that means "to winnow" or "to sift". This verb is found nowhere else in ancient Greek literature, but it is easy to define because it is a verb form of the Greek word for "sieve" and the context of "wheat". The form, however, is interesting. It is a verb in the form of an infinitive that is preceded by an article ("the"). This is the Greek way of creating a noun describing the action. We do the same thing in English but with gerunds not infinitives. Here, "to sift" becomes "the sifting of the wheat". This is not a verb but a verbal noun. 

you -- There is no Greek pronoun here, but Greek does not need pronouns when the object can be assumed from the context. In English, they are added for the subject-verb-object form of our sentences.

as  --- The word translated as "as" has a very broad meaning, translating as "how", "when", "where", "just as", "like" and related words.

wheat -- "Wheat" is from the Greek noun that means "grain", "wheat", "barley", "food made from grain", "bread" and, most generally, "food".